Minus tides at Punaluʻu

What a minus tide is

Tide heights are measured from a datum — here MLLW — which is roughly the average of the lower low waters. Most low tides sit a little above it. A few times a year one falls below, and the height is printed as a negative number: a minus tide.

They happen on the same days as the king tides, and for the same reason. When the sun and moon pull together the water comes up further than usual, and it also goes out further than usual. The big high and the big low are six hours apart on the same day.

A foot below datum does not sound like much. On a shallow shore it can mean a few hundred yards of ground uncovered that nobody sees the rest of the year.

What to do at low water at Punaluʻu

Low water on a young volcanic coast uncovers lava bench and tide pool rather than sand. The pools at Kapoho were the finest in the islands until the 2018 flow covered them; what remains at Richardson's and along the Puna coast still holds a great deal.

Kealakekua and Honaunau are snorkelling rather than wading, and the tide matters mainly for the entry. Nothing living should be taken, and the reef is protected in most of these places.

Going out safely

The water comes back. Work out when the tide turns before you walk out to anything, and allow more time than the return trip took — a rising tide fills channels behind you before it reaches where you are standing.

Wet rock is slippery, and what is exposed at a minus tide has been underwater long enough to be covered in weed. Anything living out there is usually protected by state or local rules; look it up before taking any of it home.